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Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
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<blockquote data-quote="cannebosanac" data-source="post: 20007" data-attributes="member: 1357"><p>predgovor</p><p></p><p><strong>Preface</strong></p><p><strong></strong></p><p><strong></strong> Turn again our captivity, 0 Lord,as the streams in the dry land.They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.He that goeth forth and weepeth,bearing precious seed,shall doubtless come again with rejoicing,bringing his sheaves with him.-Psalms 126: 4-6 Cannabis is one of the world's oldest cultivated plants.Currently, however, Cannabis cultivation and use is illegalor legally restricted around the globe. Despite constantofficial control, Cannabis cultivation and use has spreadto every continent and nearly every nation. Cultivated andwild Cannabis flourishes in temperate and tropical climatesworldwide. Three hundred million users form a strong un-dercurrent beneath the flowing tide of eradication. Tojudge by increasing official awareness of the economicpotentials of Cannabis, legalization seems inevitable al-though slow. Yet as Cannabis faces eventual legalization itis threatened by extinction. Government-sanctioned and-supported spraying with herbicides and other forms oferadication have chased ancient Cannabis strains from theirnative homes. Cannabis has great potential for many commercialuses. According to a recent survey of available research byTurner, Elsohly and Boeren (1980) of the Research Insti-tute of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Missis-sippi, Cannabis contains 421 known compounds, and newones are constantly being discovered and reported. Withoutfurther understanding of the potentials of Cannabis as asource of fiber, fuel, food, industrial chemicals and medi-cine it seems thoughtless to support eradication campaigns. World politics also threaten Cannabis. Rural Cannabisfarming cultures of the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Central America and Mrica face political unrest and openaggression. Cannabis seeds cannot be stored forever. If theyare not planted and reproduced each year a strain could belost. Whales, big cats, and redwoods are all protected inpreserves established by national and international laws.Plans must also be implemented to protect Cannabis cul-tures and rare strains from certain extinction. Agribusiness is excited at the prospect of supplyingAmerica's 20 million Cannabis users with domesticallygrown commercial marijuana. As a result, development ofuniform patented hybrid strains by multinational agricul-tural firms is inevitable. The morality of plant patent lawshas been challenged for years. For humans to recombineand then patent the genetic material of another living or-ganism, especially at the expense of the original organism,certainly offends the moral sense of many concerned citi-zens. Does the slight recombination of a plant's geneticmaterial by a breeder give him the right to own that organ-ism and its offspring? Despite public resistance voiced byconservation groups, the Plant Variety Protection Act of1970 was passed and currently allows the patenting of 224vegetable crops. New amendments could grant patentholders exclusive rights for 18 years to distribute, import,export and use for breeding purposes their newly devel-oped strains. Similar conventions worldwide could furtherthreaten genetic resources. Should patented varieties ofCannabis become reality it might be illegal to grow anystrain other than a patented variety, especially for food ormedicinal uses. Limitations could also be imposed suchthat only low-THC strains would be patentable. This couldlead to restrictions on small-scale growing of Cannabis;commercial growers could not take the chance of straypollinations from private plots harming a valuable seedcrop. Proponents of plant patenting claim that patents willencourage the development of new varieties. In fact, patentlaws encourage the spread of uniform strains devoid of thegenetic diversity which allows improvements. Patent lawshave also fostered intense competition between breedersand the suppression of research results which if made pub-lic could speed crop improvement. A handful of large cor-porations hold the vast majority of plant patents. Theseconditions will make it impossible for cultivators of nativestrains to compete with agribusiness and could lead to thefurther extinction of native strains now surviving on smallfarms in North America and Europe. Plant improvementin itself presents no threat to genetic reserves. However,the support and spread of improved strains by large cor-porations could prove disastrous. Like most major crops, Cannabis originated outsideNorth America in still-primitive areas of the world. Thou-sands of years ago humans began to gather seeds from wildCannabis and grow them in fields alongside the first culti-vated food crops. Seeds from the best plants were saved forplanting the following season. Cannabis was spread by no-madic tribes and by trade between cultures until it now ap-pears in both cultivated and escaped forms in many nations.The pressures of human and natural selection have resultedin many distinct strains adapted to unique niches withinthe ecosystem. Thus, individual Cannabis strains possessunique gene pools containing great potential diversity. Inthis diversity lies the strength of genetic inheritance. Fromdiverse gene pools breeders extract the desirable traits in-corporated into new varieties. Nature also calls on the genepool to ensure that a strain will survive. As climate changesand stronger pests and diseases appear, Cannabis evolvesnew adaptations and defenses. Modern agriculture is already striving to change thisnatural system. When Cannabis is legalized, the breedingand marketing of improved varieties for commercial agri-culture is certain. Most of the areas suitable for commercialCannabis cultivation already harbor their own native strains.Improved strains with an adaptive edge will follow in thewake of commercial agriculture and replace rare nativestrains in foreign fields. Native strains will hybridize withintroduced strains through wind-borne pollen dispersal andsome genes will be squeezed from the gene pool. Herein lies extreme danger! Since each strain of Can-nabis is genetically unique and contains at least a few genesnot found in other strains, if a strain becomes extinct theunique genes are lost forever. Should genetic weaknessesarise from excessive inbreeding of commercial strains, newvarieties might not be resistant to a previously unrecog-nized environmental threat. A disease could spread rapidlyand wipe out entire fields simultaneously. Widespread cropfailure would result in great financial loss to the farmer andpossible extinction of entire strains. In 1970, to the horror of American farmers and plantbreeders, Southern corn leaf-blight (Helm in thosporiummaydis) spread quickly and unexpectedly throughout corncrops and caught farmers off guard with no defense.H. maydis is a fungus which causes minor rot and damagein corn and had previously had no economic impact. How-ever, in 1969 a virulent mutant strain of the fungus ap-peared in Illinois, and by the end of the following seasonits wind-borne spores had spread and blighted crops fromthe Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Approximately15% of America's corn crop was destroyed. In some statesover half the crop was lost. Fortunately the only fields badly infected were thosecontaining strains descended from parents of what cornbreeders called "the Texas strain." Plants descended fromparents of previously developed strains were only slightlyinfected. The discovery and spread of the Texas strain hadrevolutionized the corn industry.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="cannebosanac, post: 20007, member: 1357"] predgovor [B]Preface [/B] Turn again our captivity, 0 Lord,as the streams in the dry land.They that sow in tears shall reap in joy.He that goeth forth and weepeth,bearing precious seed,shall doubtless come again with rejoicing,bringing his sheaves with him.-Psalms 126: 4-6 Cannabis is one of the world's oldest cultivated plants.Currently, however, Cannabis cultivation and use is illegalor legally restricted around the globe. Despite constantofficial control, Cannabis cultivation and use has spreadto every continent and nearly every nation. Cultivated andwild Cannabis flourishes in temperate and tropical climatesworldwide. Three hundred million users form a strong un-dercurrent beneath the flowing tide of eradication. Tojudge by increasing official awareness of the economicpotentials of Cannabis, legalization seems inevitable al-though slow. Yet as Cannabis faces eventual legalization itis threatened by extinction. Government-sanctioned and-supported spraying with herbicides and other forms oferadication have chased ancient Cannabis strains from theirnative homes. Cannabis has great potential for many commercialuses. According to a recent survey of available research byTurner, Elsohly and Boeren (1980) of the Research Insti-tute of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Missis-sippi, Cannabis contains 421 known compounds, and newones are constantly being discovered and reported. Withoutfurther understanding of the potentials of Cannabis as asource of fiber, fuel, food, industrial chemicals and medi-cine it seems thoughtless to support eradication campaigns. World politics also threaten Cannabis. Rural Cannabisfarming cultures of the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Central America and Mrica face political unrest and openaggression. Cannabis seeds cannot be stored forever. If theyare not planted and reproduced each year a strain could belost. Whales, big cats, and redwoods are all protected inpreserves established by national and international laws.Plans must also be implemented to protect Cannabis cul-tures and rare strains from certain extinction. Agribusiness is excited at the prospect of supplyingAmerica's 20 million Cannabis users with domesticallygrown commercial marijuana. As a result, development ofuniform patented hybrid strains by multinational agricul-tural firms is inevitable. The morality of plant patent lawshas been challenged for years. For humans to recombineand then patent the genetic material of another living or-ganism, especially at the expense of the original organism,certainly offends the moral sense of many concerned citi-zens. Does the slight recombination of a plant's geneticmaterial by a breeder give him the right to own that organ-ism and its offspring? Despite public resistance voiced byconservation groups, the Plant Variety Protection Act of1970 was passed and currently allows the patenting of 224vegetable crops. New amendments could grant patentholders exclusive rights for 18 years to distribute, import,export and use for breeding purposes their newly devel-oped strains. Similar conventions worldwide could furtherthreaten genetic resources. Should patented varieties ofCannabis become reality it might be illegal to grow anystrain other than a patented variety, especially for food ormedicinal uses. Limitations could also be imposed suchthat only low-THC strains would be patentable. This couldlead to restrictions on small-scale growing of Cannabis;commercial growers could not take the chance of straypollinations from private plots harming a valuable seedcrop. Proponents of plant patenting claim that patents willencourage the development of new varieties. In fact, patentlaws encourage the spread of uniform strains devoid of thegenetic diversity which allows improvements. Patent lawshave also fostered intense competition between breedersand the suppression of research results which if made pub-lic could speed crop improvement. A handful of large cor-porations hold the vast majority of plant patents. Theseconditions will make it impossible for cultivators of nativestrains to compete with agribusiness and could lead to thefurther extinction of native strains now surviving on smallfarms in North America and Europe. Plant improvementin itself presents no threat to genetic reserves. However,the support and spread of improved strains by large cor-porations could prove disastrous. Like most major crops, Cannabis originated outsideNorth America in still-primitive areas of the world. Thou-sands of years ago humans began to gather seeds from wildCannabis and grow them in fields alongside the first culti-vated food crops. Seeds from the best plants were saved forplanting the following season. Cannabis was spread by no-madic tribes and by trade between cultures until it now ap-pears in both cultivated and escaped forms in many nations.The pressures of human and natural selection have resultedin many distinct strains adapted to unique niches withinthe ecosystem. Thus, individual Cannabis strains possessunique gene pools containing great potential diversity. Inthis diversity lies the strength of genetic inheritance. Fromdiverse gene pools breeders extract the desirable traits in-corporated into new varieties. Nature also calls on the genepool to ensure that a strain will survive. As climate changesand stronger pests and diseases appear, Cannabis evolvesnew adaptations and defenses. Modern agriculture is already striving to change thisnatural system. When Cannabis is legalized, the breedingand marketing of improved varieties for commercial agri-culture is certain. Most of the areas suitable for commercialCannabis cultivation already harbor their own native strains.Improved strains with an adaptive edge will follow in thewake of commercial agriculture and replace rare nativestrains in foreign fields. Native strains will hybridize withintroduced strains through wind-borne pollen dispersal andsome genes will be squeezed from the gene pool. Herein lies extreme danger! Since each strain of Can-nabis is genetically unique and contains at least a few genesnot found in other strains, if a strain becomes extinct theunique genes are lost forever. Should genetic weaknessesarise from excessive inbreeding of commercial strains, newvarieties might not be resistant to a previously unrecog-nized environmental threat. A disease could spread rapidlyand wipe out entire fields simultaneously. Widespread cropfailure would result in great financial loss to the farmer andpossible extinction of entire strains. In 1970, to the horror of American farmers and plantbreeders, Southern corn leaf-blight (Helm in thosporiummaydis) spread quickly and unexpectedly throughout corncrops and caught farmers off guard with no defense.H. maydis is a fungus which causes minor rot and damagein corn and had previously had no economic impact. How-ever, in 1969 a virulent mutant strain of the fungus ap-peared in Illinois, and by the end of the following seasonits wind-borne spores had spread and blighted crops fromthe Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Approximately15% of America's corn crop was destroyed. In some statesover half the crop was lost. Fortunately the only fields badly infected were thosecontaining strains descended from parents of what cornbreeders called "the Texas strain." Plants descended fromparents of previously developed strains were only slightlyinfected. The discovery and spread of the Texas strain hadrevolutionized the corn industry. [/QUOTE]
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