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Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
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<blockquote data-quote="cannebosanac" data-source="post: 20011" data-attributes="member: 1357"><p>poglavlje 2 </p><p></p><p></p><p>Make the most of the Indian Hemp Seed and </p><p>sow it every where. </p><p>-George Washington </p><p></p><p><span style="color: green">Chapter 2 - Propagation of Cannabis</span></p><p>Sexual versus Asexual Propagation </p><p>Cannabis can be propagated either sexually or asexu- </p><p>ally. Seeds are the result of sexual propagation. Because </p><p>sexual propagation involves the recombination of genetic </p><p>material from two parents we expect to observe variation </p><p>among seedlings and offspring with characteristics differing </p><p>from those of the parents. Vegetative methods of propaga- </p><p>tion (cloning) such as cuttage, layerage, or division of roots </p><p>are asexual and allow exact replication of the parental </p><p>plant without genetic variation. Asexual propagation, in </p><p>theory, allows strains to be preserved unchanged through </p><p>many seasons and hundreds of individuals. </p><p>When the difference between sexual and asexual prop- </p><p>agation is well understood then the proper method can be </p><p>chosen for each situation. The unique characteristics of a </p><p>plant result from the combination of genes in chromosomes </p><p>present in each cell, collectively known as the genotype of </p><p>that individual. The expression of a genotype, as influenced </p><p>by the environment, creates a set of visible characteristics </p><p>that we collectively term the phenotype. The function of </p><p>propagation is to preserve special genotypes by choosing </p><p>the proper technique to ensure replication of the desired </p><p>characteristics. </p><p>If two clones from a pistillate Cannabis plant are </p><p>placed in differing environments, shade and sun for in- </p><p>stance, their genotypes will remain identical. However, the </p><p>clone grown in the shade will grow tall and slender and </p><p>mature late, while the clone grown in full sun will remain </p><p>short and bushy and mature much earlier. </p><p>Sexual Propagation </p><p>Sexual propagation requires the union of staminate </p><p>pollen and pistillate ovule, the formation of viable seed, </p><p>and the creation of individuals with newly recombinant </p><p>genotypes. Pollen and ovules are formed by reduction divi- </p><p>sions (meiosis) in which the 10 chromosome pairs fail to </p><p>replicate, so that each of the two daughter-cells contains </p><p>one-half of the chromosomes from the mother cell. This is </p><p>known as the haploid (in) condition where in = 10 chro- </p><p>mosomes. The diploid condition is restored upon fertiliza- </p><p>tion resulting in diploid (2n) individuals with a haploid set </p><p>of chromosomes from each parent. Offspring may resemble </p><p>the staminate, pistillate, both, or neither parent and con- </p><p>siderable variation in offspring is to be expected. Traits </p><p>may be controlled by a single gene or a combination of </p><p>genes, resulting in further potential diversity. </p><p>The terms homozygous and heterozygous are useful </p><p>in describing the genotype of a particular plant. If the </p><p>genes controlling a trait are the same on one chromosome </p><p>as those on the opposite member of the chromosome pair </p><p>(homologous chromosomes), the plant is homozygous and </p><p>will "breed true" for that trait if self-pollinated or crossed </p><p>with an individual of identical genotype for that trait. The </p><p>traits possessed by the homozygous parent will be trans- </p><p>mitted to the offspring, which will resemble each other and </p><p>the parent. If the genes on one chromosome differ from </p><p>the genes on its homologous chromosome then the plant </p><p>is termed heterozygous; the resultant offspring may not </p><p>possess the parental traits and will most probably differ </p><p>from each other. Imported Cannabis strains usually exhibit </p><p>great seedling diversity for most traits and many types will </p><p>be discovered. </p><p>To minimize variation in seedlings and ensure preser- </p><p>vation of desirable parental traits in offspring, certain care- </p><p>ful procedures are followed as illustrated in Chapter III. </p><p>The actual mechanisms of sexual propagation and seed </p><p>production will be thoroughly explained here. </p><p>The Life Cycle and Sinsemilla Cultivation </p><p>A wild Cannabis plant grows from seed to a seedling, </p><p>to a prefloral juvenile, to either pollen- or seed-bearing </p><p>adult, following the usual pattern of development and </p><p>sexual reproduction. Fiber and drug production both inter- </p><p>fere with the natural cycle and block the pathways of </p><p>inheritance. Fiber crops are usually harvested in the juve- </p><p>nile or prefloral stage, before viable seed is produced, </p><p>while sinsemilla or seedless marijuana cultivation eliminates </p><p>pollination and subsequent seed production. In the case of </p><p>cultivated Cannabis crops, special techniques must be used </p><p>to produce viable seed for the following year without </p><p>jeopardizing the quality of the final product.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="cannebosanac, post: 20011, member: 1357"] poglavlje 2 Make the most of the Indian Hemp Seed and sow it every where. -George Washington [COLOR=green]Chapter 2 - Propagation of Cannabis[/COLOR] Sexual versus Asexual Propagation Cannabis can be propagated either sexually or asexu- ally. Seeds are the result of sexual propagation. Because sexual propagation involves the recombination of genetic material from two parents we expect to observe variation among seedlings and offspring with characteristics differing from those of the parents. Vegetative methods of propaga- tion (cloning) such as cuttage, layerage, or division of roots are asexual and allow exact replication of the parental plant without genetic variation. Asexual propagation, in theory, allows strains to be preserved unchanged through many seasons and hundreds of individuals. When the difference between sexual and asexual prop- agation is well understood then the proper method can be chosen for each situation. The unique characteristics of a plant result from the combination of genes in chromosomes present in each cell, collectively known as the genotype of that individual. The expression of a genotype, as influenced by the environment, creates a set of visible characteristics that we collectively term the phenotype. The function of propagation is to preserve special genotypes by choosing the proper technique to ensure replication of the desired characteristics. If two clones from a pistillate Cannabis plant are placed in differing environments, shade and sun for in- stance, their genotypes will remain identical. However, the clone grown in the shade will grow tall and slender and mature late, while the clone grown in full sun will remain short and bushy and mature much earlier. Sexual Propagation Sexual propagation requires the union of staminate pollen and pistillate ovule, the formation of viable seed, and the creation of individuals with newly recombinant genotypes. Pollen and ovules are formed by reduction divi- sions (meiosis) in which the 10 chromosome pairs fail to replicate, so that each of the two daughter-cells contains one-half of the chromosomes from the mother cell. This is known as the haploid (in) condition where in = 10 chro- mosomes. The diploid condition is restored upon fertiliza- tion resulting in diploid (2n) individuals with a haploid set of chromosomes from each parent. Offspring may resemble the staminate, pistillate, both, or neither parent and con- siderable variation in offspring is to be expected. Traits may be controlled by a single gene or a combination of genes, resulting in further potential diversity. The terms homozygous and heterozygous are useful in describing the genotype of a particular plant. If the genes controlling a trait are the same on one chromosome as those on the opposite member of the chromosome pair (homologous chromosomes), the plant is homozygous and will "breed true" for that trait if self-pollinated or crossed with an individual of identical genotype for that trait. The traits possessed by the homozygous parent will be trans- mitted to the offspring, which will resemble each other and the parent. If the genes on one chromosome differ from the genes on its homologous chromosome then the plant is termed heterozygous; the resultant offspring may not possess the parental traits and will most probably differ from each other. Imported Cannabis strains usually exhibit great seedling diversity for most traits and many types will be discovered. To minimize variation in seedlings and ensure preser- vation of desirable parental traits in offspring, certain care- ful procedures are followed as illustrated in Chapter III. The actual mechanisms of sexual propagation and seed production will be thoroughly explained here. The Life Cycle and Sinsemilla Cultivation A wild Cannabis plant grows from seed to a seedling, to a prefloral juvenile, to either pollen- or seed-bearing adult, following the usual pattern of development and sexual reproduction. Fiber and drug production both inter- fere with the natural cycle and block the pathways of inheritance. Fiber crops are usually harvested in the juve- nile or prefloral stage, before viable seed is produced, while sinsemilla or seedless marijuana cultivation eliminates pollination and subsequent seed production. In the case of cultivated Cannabis crops, special techniques must be used to produce viable seed for the following year without jeopardizing the quality of the final product. [/QUOTE]
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