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Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
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<blockquote data-quote="cannebosanac" data-source="post: 20013" data-attributes="member: 1357"><p>poglavlje 2 nastavak</p><p></p><p>Coarse cloth </p><p>allows pollen to escape and plastic materials tend to col- </p><p>lect transpired water and rot the flowers. Light-colored </p><p>opaque or translucent reflective materials remain cooler in </p><p>the sun than dark or transparent materials, which either </p><p>absorb solar heat directly or create a greenhouse effect, </p><p>heating the flowers inside and killing the pollen. Pollina- </p><p>tion bags are easily constructed by gluing together vege- </p><p>table parchment (a strong breathable paper for steaming </p><p>vegetables) and clear nylon oven bags (for observation win- </p><p>dows) with silicon glue. Breathable synthetic fabrics such </p><p>as Gore-Tex are used with great success. Seed production </p><p>requires both successful pollination and fertilization, so the </p><p>conditions inside the enclosures must remain suitable for </p><p>pollen-tube growth and fertilization. It is most convenient </p><p>and effective to use the same enclosure to collect pollen </p><p>and apply it, reducing contamination during pollen trans- </p><p>fer. Controlled "free" pollinations may also be made if </p><p>only one pollen parent is allowed to remain in an isolated </p><p>area of the field and no pollinations are caused by her- </p><p>maphrodites or late-maturing staminate plants. If the </p><p>selected staminate parent drops pollen when there are only </p><p>a few primordial flowers on the pistillate seed parent, then </p><p>only a few seeds will form in the basal flowers and the rest </p><p>of the flower cluster will be seedless. Early fertilization </p><p>might also help fix the sex of the pistillate plant, helping </p><p>to prevent hermaphrodism. Later, hand pollinations can be </p><p>performed on the same pistillate parent by removing the </p><p>early seeds from each limb to be re-pollinated, so avoiding </p><p>confusion. Hermaphrodite or monoecious plants may be </p><p>isolated from the remainder of the population and allowed </p><p>to freely self-pollinate if pure-breeding offspring are desired </p><p>to preserve a selected trait. Selfed hermaphrodites usually </p><p>give rise to hermaphrodite offspring. </p><p>Pollen may be collected in several ways. If the propa- </p><p>gator has an isolated area where staminate plants can grow </p><p>separate from each other to avoid mutual contamination </p><p>and can be allowed to shed pollen without endangering </p><p>the remainder of the population, then direct collection </p><p>may be used. A small vial, glass plate, or mirror is held </p><p>beneath a recently-opened staminate flower which appears </p><p>to be releasing pollen, and the pollen is dislodged by tap- </p><p>ping the anthers. Pollen may also be collected by placing </p><p>whole limbs or clusters of staminate flowers on a piece of </p><p>paper or glass and allowing them to dry in a cool, still </p><p>place. Pollen will drop from some of the anthers as they </p><p>dry, and this may be scraped up and stored for a short time </p><p>in a cool, dark, dry spot. A simple method is to place the </p><p>open pollen vial or folded paper in a larger sealable con- </p><p>tamer with a dozen or more fresh, dry soda crackers or a </p><p>cup of dry white rice. The sealed container is stored in the </p><p>refrigerator and the dry crackers or rice act as a desiccant, </p><p>absorbing moisture from the pollen. </p><p>Any breeze may interfere with collection and cause </p><p>contamination with pollen from neighboring plants. Early </p><p>morning is the best time to collect pollen as it has not been </p><p>exposed to the heat of the day. All equipment used for col- </p><p>lection, including hands, must be cleaned before continuing </p><p>to the next pollen source. This ensures protection of each </p><p>pollen sample from contamination with pollen from differ- </p><p>ent plants. </p><p>Staminate flowers will often open several hours before </p><p>the onset of pollen release. If flowers are collected at this </p><p>time they can be placed in a covered bottle where they will open and release pollen within two days. A carefully sealed </p><p>paper cover allows air circulation, facilitates the release of </p><p>pollen, and prevents mold. </p><p>Both of the previously described methods of pollen </p><p>collection are susceptible to gusts of wind which may cause </p><p>contamination problems if the staminate pollen plants </p><p>grow at all close to the remaining pistillate plants. There- </p><p>fore, a method has been designed so that controlled pollen </p><p>collection and application can be performed in the same </p><p>area without the need to move staminate plants from their </p><p>original location. Besides the advantages of convenience, </p><p>the pollen parents mature under the same conditions </p><p>as the seed parents, thus more accurately expressing their </p><p>phenotypes. </p><p>The first step in collecting pollen is, of course, the </p><p>selection of a staminate or pollen parent. Healthy individ- </p><p>uals with well-developed clusters of flowers are chosen. </p><p>The appearance of the first staminate primordia or male </p><p>sex signs often brings a feeling of panic ("stamenoia") to </p><p>the cultivator of seedless Cannabis, and potential pollen </p><p>parents are prematurely removed. Staminate primordia </p><p>need to develop from one to five weeks before the flowers </p><p>open and pollen is released. During this period the selected </p><p>pollen plants are carefully watched, daily or hourly if neces- </p><p>sary, for developmental rates vary greatly and pollen may </p><p>be released quite early in some strains. The remaining </p><p>staminate plants that are unsuitable for breeding are de- </p><p>stroyed and the pollen plants specially labeled to avoid </p><p>confusion and extra work. </p><p>As the first flowers begin to swell, they are removed </p><p>prior to pollen release and destroyed. Tossing them on the </p><p>ground is ineffective because they may release pollen as </p><p>they dry. When the staminate plant enters its full floral </p><p>condition and more ripe flowers appear than can be easily </p><p>controlled, limbs with the most ripe flowers are chosen. It </p><p>is usually safest to collect pollen from two limbs for each </p><p>intended cross, in case one fails to develop. If there are ten </p><p>prospective seed parents, pollen from twenty limbs on the </p><p>pollen parent is collected. In this case, the twenty most- </p><p>flowered limb tips are selected and all the remaining flow- </p><p>ering clusters on the plant are removed to prevent stray </p><p>pollinations. Large leaves are left on the remainder of the </p><p>plant but are removed at the limb tips to minimize conden- </p><p>sation of water vapor released inside the enclosure. The </p><p>portions removed from the pollen parent are saved for </p><p>later analysis and phenotype characterization. </p><p>The pollination enclosures are secured and the plant </p><p>is checked for any shoots where flowers might develop </p><p>outside the enclosure. The completely open enclosure is </p><p>slipped over the limb tip and secured with a tight but </p><p>stretchable seal such as a rubber band, elastic, or plastic </p><p>plant tie-tape to ensure a tight seal and prevent crushing of </p><p>the vascular tissues of the stem. String and wire are </p><p>avoided. If enclosures are tied to weak limbs they may be </p><p>supported; the bags will also remain cooler if they are </p><p>shaded. Hands are always washed before and after handling </p><p>each pollen sample to prevent accidental pollen transfer </p><p>and contamination. </p><p>Enclosures for collecting and applying pollen and </p><p>preventing stray pollination are simple in design and con- </p><p>struction. Paper bags make convenient enclosures. Long </p><p>narrow bags such as light-gauge quart-bottle bags, giant </p><p>popcorn bags or bakery bags provide a convenient shape </p><p>for covering the limb tip. The thinner the paper used the </p><p>more air circulation is allowed, and the better the flowers </p><p>will develop. Very thick paper or plastic bags are never </p><p>used. Most available bags are made with water soluble glue </p><p>and may come apart after rain or watering. All seams are </p><p>sealed with waterproof tape or silicon glue and the bags </p><p>should not be handled when wet since they tear easily. </p><p>Bags of Gore-Tex cloth or vegetable parchment will not </p><p>tear when wet. Paper bags make labeling easy and each bag </p><p>is marked in waterproof ink with the number of the indi- </p><p>vidual pollen parent, the date and time the enclosure was </p><p>secured, and any useful notes. Room is left to add the date </p><p>of pollen collection and necessary information about the </p><p>future seed parent it will pollinate. </p><p>Pollen release is fairly rapid inside the bags, and after </p><p>two days to a week the limbs may be removed and dried in </p><p>a cool dark place, unless the bags are placed too early or </p><p>the pollen parent develops very slowly. To inspect the </p><p>progress of pollen release, a flashlight is held behind the </p><p>bag at night and the silhouettes of the opening flowers are </p><p>easily seen. In some cases, clear nylon windows are in- </p><p>stalled with silicon glue for greater visibility. When flower- </p><p>ing is at its peak and many flowers have just opened, </p><p>collection is completed, and the limb, with its bag attached, </p><p>is cut. If the limb is cut too early, the flowers will not have </p><p>shed any pollen; if the bag remains on the plant too long, </p><p>most of the pollen will be dropped inside the bag where </p><p>heat and moisture will destroy it. When flowering is at its </p><p>peak, millions of pollen grains are released and many more </p><p>flowers will open after the limbs are collected. The bags are </p><p>collected early in the morning before the sun has time to </p><p>heat them up. The bags and their contents are dried in a </p><p>cool dark place to avoid mold and pollen spoilage. If pollen </p><p>becomes moist, it will germinate and spoil, therefore dry </p><p>storage is imperative.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="cannebosanac, post: 20013, member: 1357"] poglavlje 2 nastavak Coarse cloth allows pollen to escape and plastic materials tend to col- lect transpired water and rot the flowers. Light-colored opaque or translucent reflective materials remain cooler in the sun than dark or transparent materials, which either absorb solar heat directly or create a greenhouse effect, heating the flowers inside and killing the pollen. Pollina- tion bags are easily constructed by gluing together vege- table parchment (a strong breathable paper for steaming vegetables) and clear nylon oven bags (for observation win- dows) with silicon glue. Breathable synthetic fabrics such as Gore-Tex are used with great success. Seed production requires both successful pollination and fertilization, so the conditions inside the enclosures must remain suitable for pollen-tube growth and fertilization. It is most convenient and effective to use the same enclosure to collect pollen and apply it, reducing contamination during pollen trans- fer. Controlled "free" pollinations may also be made if only one pollen parent is allowed to remain in an isolated area of the field and no pollinations are caused by her- maphrodites or late-maturing staminate plants. If the selected staminate parent drops pollen when there are only a few primordial flowers on the pistillate seed parent, then only a few seeds will form in the basal flowers and the rest of the flower cluster will be seedless. Early fertilization might also help fix the sex of the pistillate plant, helping to prevent hermaphrodism. Later, hand pollinations can be performed on the same pistillate parent by removing the early seeds from each limb to be re-pollinated, so avoiding confusion. Hermaphrodite or monoecious plants may be isolated from the remainder of the population and allowed to freely self-pollinate if pure-breeding offspring are desired to preserve a selected trait. Selfed hermaphrodites usually give rise to hermaphrodite offspring. Pollen may be collected in several ways. If the propa- gator has an isolated area where staminate plants can grow separate from each other to avoid mutual contamination and can be allowed to shed pollen without endangering the remainder of the population, then direct collection may be used. A small vial, glass plate, or mirror is held beneath a recently-opened staminate flower which appears to be releasing pollen, and the pollen is dislodged by tap- ping the anthers. Pollen may also be collected by placing whole limbs or clusters of staminate flowers on a piece of paper or glass and allowing them to dry in a cool, still place. Pollen will drop from some of the anthers as they dry, and this may be scraped up and stored for a short time in a cool, dark, dry spot. A simple method is to place the open pollen vial or folded paper in a larger sealable con- tamer with a dozen or more fresh, dry soda crackers or a cup of dry white rice. The sealed container is stored in the refrigerator and the dry crackers or rice act as a desiccant, absorbing moisture from the pollen. Any breeze may interfere with collection and cause contamination with pollen from neighboring plants. Early morning is the best time to collect pollen as it has not been exposed to the heat of the day. All equipment used for col- lection, including hands, must be cleaned before continuing to the next pollen source. This ensures protection of each pollen sample from contamination with pollen from differ- ent plants. Staminate flowers will often open several hours before the onset of pollen release. If flowers are collected at this time they can be placed in a covered bottle where they will open and release pollen within two days. A carefully sealed paper cover allows air circulation, facilitates the release of pollen, and prevents mold. Both of the previously described methods of pollen collection are susceptible to gusts of wind which may cause contamination problems if the staminate pollen plants grow at all close to the remaining pistillate plants. There- fore, a method has been designed so that controlled pollen collection and application can be performed in the same area without the need to move staminate plants from their original location. Besides the advantages of convenience, the pollen parents mature under the same conditions as the seed parents, thus more accurately expressing their phenotypes. The first step in collecting pollen is, of course, the selection of a staminate or pollen parent. Healthy individ- uals with well-developed clusters of flowers are chosen. The appearance of the first staminate primordia or male sex signs often brings a feeling of panic ("stamenoia") to the cultivator of seedless Cannabis, and potential pollen parents are prematurely removed. Staminate primordia need to develop from one to five weeks before the flowers open and pollen is released. During this period the selected pollen plants are carefully watched, daily or hourly if neces- sary, for developmental rates vary greatly and pollen may be released quite early in some strains. The remaining staminate plants that are unsuitable for breeding are de- stroyed and the pollen plants specially labeled to avoid confusion and extra work. As the first flowers begin to swell, they are removed prior to pollen release and destroyed. Tossing them on the ground is ineffective because they may release pollen as they dry. When the staminate plant enters its full floral condition and more ripe flowers appear than can be easily controlled, limbs with the most ripe flowers are chosen. It is usually safest to collect pollen from two limbs for each intended cross, in case one fails to develop. If there are ten prospective seed parents, pollen from twenty limbs on the pollen parent is collected. In this case, the twenty most- flowered limb tips are selected and all the remaining flow- ering clusters on the plant are removed to prevent stray pollinations. Large leaves are left on the remainder of the plant but are removed at the limb tips to minimize conden- sation of water vapor released inside the enclosure. The portions removed from the pollen parent are saved for later analysis and phenotype characterization. The pollination enclosures are secured and the plant is checked for any shoots where flowers might develop outside the enclosure. The completely open enclosure is slipped over the limb tip and secured with a tight but stretchable seal such as a rubber band, elastic, or plastic plant tie-tape to ensure a tight seal and prevent crushing of the vascular tissues of the stem. String and wire are avoided. If enclosures are tied to weak limbs they may be supported; the bags will also remain cooler if they are shaded. Hands are always washed before and after handling each pollen sample to prevent accidental pollen transfer and contamination. Enclosures for collecting and applying pollen and preventing stray pollination are simple in design and con- struction. Paper bags make convenient enclosures. Long narrow bags such as light-gauge quart-bottle bags, giant popcorn bags or bakery bags provide a convenient shape for covering the limb tip. The thinner the paper used the more air circulation is allowed, and the better the flowers will develop. Very thick paper or plastic bags are never used. Most available bags are made with water soluble glue and may come apart after rain or watering. All seams are sealed with waterproof tape or silicon glue and the bags should not be handled when wet since they tear easily. Bags of Gore-Tex cloth or vegetable parchment will not tear when wet. Paper bags make labeling easy and each bag is marked in waterproof ink with the number of the indi- vidual pollen parent, the date and time the enclosure was secured, and any useful notes. Room is left to add the date of pollen collection and necessary information about the future seed parent it will pollinate. Pollen release is fairly rapid inside the bags, and after two days to a week the limbs may be removed and dried in a cool dark place, unless the bags are placed too early or the pollen parent develops very slowly. To inspect the progress of pollen release, a flashlight is held behind the bag at night and the silhouettes of the opening flowers are easily seen. In some cases, clear nylon windows are in- stalled with silicon glue for greater visibility. When flower- ing is at its peak and many flowers have just opened, collection is completed, and the limb, with its bag attached, is cut. If the limb is cut too early, the flowers will not have shed any pollen; if the bag remains on the plant too long, most of the pollen will be dropped inside the bag where heat and moisture will destroy it. When flowering is at its peak, millions of pollen grains are released and many more flowers will open after the limbs are collected. The bags are collected early in the morning before the sun has time to heat them up. The bags and their contents are dried in a cool dark place to avoid mold and pollen spoilage. If pollen becomes moist, it will germinate and spoil, therefore dry storage is imperative. [/QUOTE]
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Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
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