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Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
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<blockquote data-quote="cannebosanac" data-source="post: 20019" data-attributes="member: 1357"><p>poglavlje 2 nastavak</p><p></p><p>It is usually much simpler and safer to use an artificial </p><p>sterile medium for rooting. Vermiculite and perlite are </p><p>often used in propagation because of their excellent drain- </p><p>age and neutral pH (a balance between acidity and alkalin- </p><p>ity). No sterilization is needed because both products are </p><p>manufactured at high heat and contain no organic material. </p><p>It has been found that a mixture of equal portions of </p><p>medium and large grade vermiculite or perlite promotes the </p><p>greatest root growth. This results from increased air circu- </p><p>lation around the larger pieces. A weak nutrient solution, </p><p>including micro-nutrients, is needed to wet the medium, </p><p>because little or no nutrient material is supplied by these </p><p>artificial media. Solutions are checked for pH and cor- </p><p>rected to neutral with agricultural lime, dolomite lime, or </p><p>oyster shell lime. </p><p>Layering </p><p>Layering is a process in which roots develop on a </p><p>stem while it remains attached to, and nutritionally sup- </p><p>ported by the parent plant. The stem is then detached and </p><p>the meristematic tip becomes a new individual, growing </p><p>on its own roots, termed a layer. Layering differs from </p><p>cutting because rooting occurs while the shoot is still </p><p>attached to the parent. Rooting is initiated in layering by </p><p>various stem treatments which interrupt the downward </p><p>flow of photosynthates (products of photosynthesis) from </p><p>the shoot tip. This causes the accumulation of auxins, </p><p>carbohydrates and other growth factors. Rooting occurs in </p><p>this treated area even though the layer remains attached </p><p>to the parent. Water and mineral nutrients are supplied by </p><p>the parent plant because only the phloem has been inter- </p><p>rupted; the xylem tissues connecting the shoot to the </p><p>parental roots remain intact (see illus. 1, page 29). In this </p><p>manner, the propagator can overcome the problem of keep- </p><p>ing a severed cutting alive while it roots, thus greatly in- </p><p>creasing the chances of success. Old woody reproductive </p><p>stems that, as cuttings, would dry up and die, may be </p><p>rooted by layering. Layering can be very time-consuming </p><p>and is less practical for mass cloning of parental stock </p><p>than removing and rooting dozens of cuttings. Layering, </p><p>however, does give the small-scale propagator a high-success </p><p>alternative which also requires less equipment than cuttings. </p><p>Techniques of Layering </p><p>Almost all layering techniques rely on the principle of </p><p>etiolation. Both soil layering and air layering involve de- </p><p>priving the rooting portion of the stem of light, promoting </p><p>rooting. Root-promoting substances and fungicides prove </p><p>beneficial, and they are usually applied as a spray or pow- </p><p>der. Root formation on layers depends on constant mois- </p><p>ture, good air circulation and moderate temperatures at </p><p>the site of rooting. </p><p>Soil Layering </p><p>Soil layering may be performed in several ways. The </p><p>most common is known as tip layering. A long, supple </p><p>vegetative lower limb is selected for layering, carefully bent </p><p>so it touches the ground, and stripped of leaves and small </p><p>shoots where the rooting is to take place. A narrow trench, </p><p>6 inches to a foot long and 2 to 4 inches deep, is dug paral- </p><p>lel to the limb, which is placed along the bottom of the </p><p>trench, secured with wire or wooden stakes, and buried </p><p>with a small mound of soil. The buried section of stem </p><p>may be girdled by cutting, crushed with a loop of wire, or </p><p>twisted to disrupt the phloem tissue and cause the accumu- </p><p>lation of substances which promote rooting. It may also be </p><p>treated with growth regulators at this time. </p><p>Serpentine layering may be used to create multiple </p><p>layers along one long limb. Several stripped sections of the </p><p>limb are buried in separate trenches, making sure that at </p><p>least one node remains above ground between each set of </p><p>roots to allow shoots to develop. The soil surrounding the </p><p>stem is kept moist at all times and may require wetting </p><p>several times a day. A small stone or stick is inserted under </p><p>each exposed section of stem to prevent the lateral shoot </p><p>buds rotting from constant contact with the moist soil sur- </p><p>face. Tip layers and serpentine layers may be started in </p><p>small containers placed near the parental plant. Rooting </p><p>usually begins within two weeks, and layers may be re- </p><p>moved with a sharp razor or clippers after four to six </p><p>weeks. If the roots have become well established, trans- </p><p>planting may be difficult without damaging the tender root </p><p>system. Shoots on layers continue to grow under the same </p><p>conditions as the parent, and less time is needed for the </p><p>clone to acclimatize or harden-off and begin to grow on its </p><p>own than with cuttings.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="cannebosanac, post: 20019, member: 1357"] poglavlje 2 nastavak It is usually much simpler and safer to use an artificial sterile medium for rooting. Vermiculite and perlite are often used in propagation because of their excellent drain- age and neutral pH (a balance between acidity and alkalin- ity). No sterilization is needed because both products are manufactured at high heat and contain no organic material. It has been found that a mixture of equal portions of medium and large grade vermiculite or perlite promotes the greatest root growth. This results from increased air circu- lation around the larger pieces. A weak nutrient solution, including micro-nutrients, is needed to wet the medium, because little or no nutrient material is supplied by these artificial media. Solutions are checked for pH and cor- rected to neutral with agricultural lime, dolomite lime, or oyster shell lime. Layering Layering is a process in which roots develop on a stem while it remains attached to, and nutritionally sup- ported by the parent plant. The stem is then detached and the meristematic tip becomes a new individual, growing on its own roots, termed a layer. Layering differs from cutting because rooting occurs while the shoot is still attached to the parent. Rooting is initiated in layering by various stem treatments which interrupt the downward flow of photosynthates (products of photosynthesis) from the shoot tip. This causes the accumulation of auxins, carbohydrates and other growth factors. Rooting occurs in this treated area even though the layer remains attached to the parent. Water and mineral nutrients are supplied by the parent plant because only the phloem has been inter- rupted; the xylem tissues connecting the shoot to the parental roots remain intact (see illus. 1, page 29). In this manner, the propagator can overcome the problem of keep- ing a severed cutting alive while it roots, thus greatly in- creasing the chances of success. Old woody reproductive stems that, as cuttings, would dry up and die, may be rooted by layering. Layering can be very time-consuming and is less practical for mass cloning of parental stock than removing and rooting dozens of cuttings. Layering, however, does give the small-scale propagator a high-success alternative which also requires less equipment than cuttings. Techniques of Layering Almost all layering techniques rely on the principle of etiolation. Both soil layering and air layering involve de- priving the rooting portion of the stem of light, promoting rooting. Root-promoting substances and fungicides prove beneficial, and they are usually applied as a spray or pow- der. Root formation on layers depends on constant mois- ture, good air circulation and moderate temperatures at the site of rooting. Soil Layering Soil layering may be performed in several ways. The most common is known as tip layering. A long, supple vegetative lower limb is selected for layering, carefully bent so it touches the ground, and stripped of leaves and small shoots where the rooting is to take place. A narrow trench, 6 inches to a foot long and 2 to 4 inches deep, is dug paral- lel to the limb, which is placed along the bottom of the trench, secured with wire or wooden stakes, and buried with a small mound of soil. The buried section of stem may be girdled by cutting, crushed with a loop of wire, or twisted to disrupt the phloem tissue and cause the accumu- lation of substances which promote rooting. It may also be treated with growth regulators at this time. Serpentine layering may be used to create multiple layers along one long limb. Several stripped sections of the limb are buried in separate trenches, making sure that at least one node remains above ground between each set of roots to allow shoots to develop. The soil surrounding the stem is kept moist at all times and may require wetting several times a day. A small stone or stick is inserted under each exposed section of stem to prevent the lateral shoot buds rotting from constant contact with the moist soil sur- face. Tip layers and serpentine layers may be started in small containers placed near the parental plant. Rooting usually begins within two weeks, and layers may be re- moved with a sharp razor or clippers after four to six weeks. If the roots have become well established, trans- planting may be difficult without damaging the tender root system. Shoots on layers continue to grow under the same conditions as the parent, and less time is needed for the clone to acclimatize or harden-off and begin to grow on its own than with cuttings. [/QUOTE]
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