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Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
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<blockquote data-quote="cannebosanac" data-source="post: 20041" data-attributes="member: 1357"><p>poglavlje 3c nastavak</p><p></p><p>o) Flowering - Once a plant matures and begins to bear flowers it may reach peak floral production in a few weeks, or the floral clusters may continue to grow and develop for several months. The rate at which a strain flowers is independent of the rate at which it matures, so a plant may</p><p>wait until late in the season to flower and then grow extensive, mature floral clusters in only a few weeks. </p><p>p) Ripening - Ripening of Cannabis flowers is the final step in their maturation process Floral clusters will usually mature and ripen in rapid succession, but sometimes large floral clusters will form and only after a period of apparent hesitation will the flowers begin to produce resin and ripen. Once ripening starts it usually spreads over the entire plant, but some strains, such as those from Thailand, are known to ripen a few floral clusters at a time over several months. Some fruit trees are similarly everbearing with a yearlong season of production. Possibly Cannabis strains could be bred that are true everbearing perennials that continue to flower and mature consistently all year long. </p><p>q) Cannabinoid Profile - It is supposed that variations in the type of high associated with different strains of Cannabis result from varying levels of cannabinoids. THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient which is acted upon synergistically by small amounts of CBN, CBD, and other accessory cannabinoids. We know that cannabinoid levels may be used to establish cannabinoid phenotypes and that these phenotypes are passed on from parent to offspring. Therefore, cannabinoid levels are in part determined by genes. To accurately characterize highs from various individuals and establish criteria for breeding strains with particular cannabinoid contents, an accurate and easy method is necessary for measuring cannabinoid levels in prospective parents. </p><p>Various combinations of these traits are possible and inevitable. The traits that we most often see are most likely dominant and any effort to alter genetics and improve Cannabis strains are most easily accomplished by concentrating on the major phenotypes for the most important traits. The </p><p>best breeders set high goals of a limited scope and adhere to their ideals. </p><p></p><p><strong>6. Gross Phenotypes of Cannabis Strains </strong></p><p>The gross phenotype or general growth form is determined by size, root production, branching pattern, sex, maturation, and floral characteristics. Most imported varieties have characteristic gross phenotypes although there tend to be occasional rare examples of almost every phenotype in nearly every variety. This indicates the complexity of genetic control determining gross phenotype. Hybrid crosses between imported pure varieties were the beginning of nearly every domestic strain of Cannabis. In hybrid crosses, some dominant characteristics from each parental </p><p>variety are exhibited in various combinations by the F1 offspring. Nearly all of the offspring will resemble both parents and very few will resemble only one parent. This sounds like it is saying a lot, but this F1 hybrid generation is far from true-breeding and the subsequent F2 generation will exhibit great variation, tending to look more like one or the other of the original imported parental varieties, and will also exhibit recessive traits not apparent in either of the original parents. If the F1 offspring are desirable plants it will be difficult to continue the hybrid traits in subsequent generations. Enough of the original F1 hybrid seeds are produced so they may be used year after year to produce uniform crops of desirable plants. </p><p></p><p><strong>Phenotypes and Characteristics of Imported Strains </strong></p><p>Following is a list of gross phenotypes and characteristics for many imported strains of Cannabis. </p><p>1. Fiber Strain Gross Phenotypes (hemp types) </p><p>2. Drug Strain Gross Phenotypes </p><p>a) Colombia - highland, lowland (marijuana) </p><p>b) Congo - (marijuana) </p><p>c) Hindu Kush - Afghanistan and Pakistan (hashish) </p><p>d) Southern India - (marihuana marijuana) </p><p>e) Jamaica - Carribean hybrids </p><p>f) Kenya - Kisumu (dagga marijuana) </p><p>g) Lebanon - (hashish)</p><p>h) Malawi, Africa - Lake Nyasa (dagga marijuana) </p><p>i) Mexico - Michoacan, Oaxaca, Guerrero (marijuana) </p><p>j) Morocco - Rif mountains (kif marijuana and hashish) </p><p>h) Nepal - wild (marihuana marijuana and hashish) </p><p>1) Russian - ruderalis (uncultivated) </p><p>m) South Africa - (dagga marijuana) </p><p>n) Southeast Asia - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam (marihuana marijuana) </p><p>3. Hybrid Drug Phenotypes </p><p>a) Creeper Phenotype </p><p>b) Huge Upright Phenotype </p><p>In general the F1 and F2 pure-bred offspring of these imported varieties are more similar to each other than they are to other varieties and they are termed pure strains. However, it should be remembered that these are average gross phenotypes and recessive variations within each trait </p><p>will occur. In addition, these representations are based on unpruned plants growing in ideal conditions and stress will alter the gross phenotype. Also, the protective environment of a greenhouse tends to obscure the difference between different strains. This section presents information that is </p><p>used in the selection of pure strains for breeding. </p><p></p><p><strong>1. Fiber Strain Gross Phenotypes </strong></p><p>Fiber strains are characterized as tall, rapidly maturing, limbless plants which are often monoecious. This growth habit has been selected by generations of fiber-producing farmers to facilitate forming long fibers through even growth and maturation. Monoecious strains mature more evenly than dioecious strains, and fiber crops are usually not grown long enough to set seed which interferes with fiber production. Most varieties of fiber Cannabis originate in the northern temperate climates of Europe, Japan, China and North America. Several strains have been selected from the prime hemp growing areas and offered commercially over the last fifty years in both Europe and America. Escaped fiber strains of the midwestern United </p><p>States are usually tall, skinny, relatively poorly branched, weakly flowered, and low in cannabinoid production. They represent an escaped race of Cannabis sativa hemp. Most fiber strains contain CBD as the primary cannabinoid and little if any THC.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="cannebosanac, post: 20041, member: 1357"] poglavlje 3c nastavak o) Flowering - Once a plant matures and begins to bear flowers it may reach peak floral production in a few weeks, or the floral clusters may continue to grow and develop for several months. The rate at which a strain flowers is independent of the rate at which it matures, so a plant may wait until late in the season to flower and then grow extensive, mature floral clusters in only a few weeks. p) Ripening - Ripening of Cannabis flowers is the final step in their maturation process Floral clusters will usually mature and ripen in rapid succession, but sometimes large floral clusters will form and only after a period of apparent hesitation will the flowers begin to produce resin and ripen. Once ripening starts it usually spreads over the entire plant, but some strains, such as those from Thailand, are known to ripen a few floral clusters at a time over several months. Some fruit trees are similarly everbearing with a yearlong season of production. Possibly Cannabis strains could be bred that are true everbearing perennials that continue to flower and mature consistently all year long. q) Cannabinoid Profile - It is supposed that variations in the type of high associated with different strains of Cannabis result from varying levels of cannabinoids. THC is the primary psychoactive ingredient which is acted upon synergistically by small amounts of CBN, CBD, and other accessory cannabinoids. We know that cannabinoid levels may be used to establish cannabinoid phenotypes and that these phenotypes are passed on from parent to offspring. Therefore, cannabinoid levels are in part determined by genes. To accurately characterize highs from various individuals and establish criteria for breeding strains with particular cannabinoid contents, an accurate and easy method is necessary for measuring cannabinoid levels in prospective parents. Various combinations of these traits are possible and inevitable. The traits that we most often see are most likely dominant and any effort to alter genetics and improve Cannabis strains are most easily accomplished by concentrating on the major phenotypes for the most important traits. The best breeders set high goals of a limited scope and adhere to their ideals. [B]6. Gross Phenotypes of Cannabis Strains [/B] The gross phenotype or general growth form is determined by size, root production, branching pattern, sex, maturation, and floral characteristics. Most imported varieties have characteristic gross phenotypes although there tend to be occasional rare examples of almost every phenotype in nearly every variety. This indicates the complexity of genetic control determining gross phenotype. Hybrid crosses between imported pure varieties were the beginning of nearly every domestic strain of Cannabis. In hybrid crosses, some dominant characteristics from each parental variety are exhibited in various combinations by the F1 offspring. Nearly all of the offspring will resemble both parents and very few will resemble only one parent. This sounds like it is saying a lot, but this F1 hybrid generation is far from true-breeding and the subsequent F2 generation will exhibit great variation, tending to look more like one or the other of the original imported parental varieties, and will also exhibit recessive traits not apparent in either of the original parents. If the F1 offspring are desirable plants it will be difficult to continue the hybrid traits in subsequent generations. Enough of the original F1 hybrid seeds are produced so they may be used year after year to produce uniform crops of desirable plants. [B]Phenotypes and Characteristics of Imported Strains [/B] Following is a list of gross phenotypes and characteristics for many imported strains of Cannabis. 1. Fiber Strain Gross Phenotypes (hemp types) 2. Drug Strain Gross Phenotypes a) Colombia - highland, lowland (marijuana) b) Congo - (marijuana) c) Hindu Kush - Afghanistan and Pakistan (hashish) d) Southern India - (marihuana marijuana) e) Jamaica - Carribean hybrids f) Kenya - Kisumu (dagga marijuana) g) Lebanon - (hashish) h) Malawi, Africa - Lake Nyasa (dagga marijuana) i) Mexico - Michoacan, Oaxaca, Guerrero (marijuana) j) Morocco - Rif mountains (kif marijuana and hashish) h) Nepal - wild (marihuana marijuana and hashish) 1) Russian - ruderalis (uncultivated) m) South Africa - (dagga marijuana) n) Southeast Asia - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam (marihuana marijuana) 3. Hybrid Drug Phenotypes a) Creeper Phenotype b) Huge Upright Phenotype In general the F1 and F2 pure-bred offspring of these imported varieties are more similar to each other than they are to other varieties and they are termed pure strains. However, it should be remembered that these are average gross phenotypes and recessive variations within each trait will occur. In addition, these representations are based on unpruned plants growing in ideal conditions and stress will alter the gross phenotype. Also, the protective environment of a greenhouse tends to obscure the difference between different strains. This section presents information that is used in the selection of pure strains for breeding. [B]1. Fiber Strain Gross Phenotypes [/B] Fiber strains are characterized as tall, rapidly maturing, limbless plants which are often monoecious. This growth habit has been selected by generations of fiber-producing farmers to facilitate forming long fibers through even growth and maturation. Monoecious strains mature more evenly than dioecious strains, and fiber crops are usually not grown long enough to set seed which interferes with fiber production. Most varieties of fiber Cannabis originate in the northern temperate climates of Europe, Japan, China and North America. Several strains have been selected from the prime hemp growing areas and offered commercially over the last fifty years in both Europe and America. Escaped fiber strains of the midwestern United States are usually tall, skinny, relatively poorly branched, weakly flowered, and low in cannabinoid production. They represent an escaped race of Cannabis sativa hemp. Most fiber strains contain CBD as the primary cannabinoid and little if any THC. [/QUOTE]
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