Meni
Forumi
Nove poruke
Sve teme
Najnovije teme
Nove poruke
♫ Radio
Dnevnici
Dnevnici Vanjskog Uzgajanja
Dnevnici Unutrašnjeg Uzgajanja
Završeni Vanjski Dnevnici
Završeni Unutrašnji Dnevnici
Novo
Popularne teme
Nove poruke
Najnovije aktivnosti
Članovi
Trenutno prisutni
Forumi
Prijava
Registracija
Nove poruke
Sve teme
Najnovije teme
Nove poruke
Meni
Install the app
Install
Objavite odgovor
Forumi
Marihuana
Obrazovanje
Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
JavaScript is disabled. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding.
Koristite zastareli pregledač. Možda neće pravilno prikazivati ove ili druge veb stranice.
Trebali biste nadograditi ili koristiti
alternativni pregledač
.
Poruka
<blockquote data-quote="cannebosanac" data-source="post: 20048" data-attributes="member: 1357"><p>poglavlje 4</p><p></p><p><span style="color: green">Chapter 4 - Maturation and Harvesting of Cannabis</span> </p><p>To everything there is a season, </p><p>and a time to every purpose under heaven: </p><p>A time to be born, and a time to die; </p><p>a time to plant, and a time to pluck up </p><p>that which is planted, </p><p>-Ecciesiastes 3:1-2 </p><p></p><p>Maturation </p><p>The maturation of Cannabis is normally annual and </p><p>its timing is influenced by the age of the plant, changes in </p><p>photoperiod, and other environmental conditions. When a </p><p>plant reaches an adequate age for flowering (about two </p><p>months) and the nights lengthen following the summer sol- </p><p>stice (June 21-22), flowering begins. This is the triggering </p><p>of the reproductive phase of the life cycle which is fol- </p><p>lowed by senescence and eventual death. The leaves of </p><p>Cannabis plants form fewer leaflets during flowering until </p><p>the floral clusters are formed of tri-leaflet and mono-leaflet </p><p>leaves. This is a reversal of the heteroblastic (variously </p><p>shaped) trend of increased leaflet number through the pre- </p><p>floral stage. </p><p>The staminate and pistillate sexes of the same strain </p><p>mature at different rates. Staminate plants are usually the </p><p>first to begin flowering and releasing pollen. In fact, much </p><p>pollen is released when the pistillate plants show only a </p><p>few pairs of primordial flowers. It would seem more effec- </p><p>tive for the staminate plant to release pollen when the pis- </p><p>tillate plants are in heavy flower to ensure good seed </p><p>production. Upon deeper investigation, however, it be- </p><p>comes obvious that early pollination is advantageous to </p><p>survival. Pollinations that take place early form seeds that </p><p>ripen in the warm days of summer when the pistillate plant </p><p>is healthy and there is less chance of frost damage or preda- </p><p>tion by herbivores. If conditions are favorable, the stamin- </p><p>ate plant will continue to produce pollen for some time </p><p>and will also fertilize many new pistillate flowers as they </p><p>appear. After a month or more of shedding pollen the </p><p>staminate plants enter senescence. This period is marked </p><p>by the yellowing and dropping of the foliage leaves, fol- </p><p>lowed by diminished flower and pollen production. Even- </p><p>tually, all the leaves drop, and the spent, lifeless stamens </p><p>hang in the breeze until fungi and bacteria return them </p><p>to the soil. </p><p>Pistillate plants continue to develop up to three </p><p>months longer as they mature seeds. As the calyxes of the </p><p>first flowers to be pollinated dry out, each releases a single </p><p>seed which falls to the ground. Since new pistillate flowers </p><p>are continually produced and fertilized, there are nearly </p><p>always seeds ranging in maturity from freshly fertilized </p><p>ovules to large, dark, mature seeds. In this way the plant is </p><p>able to take advantage of favorable conditions throughout </p><p>several months. The effectiveness of this type of repro- </p><p>duction is demonstrated by the spread of escaped Cannabis </p><p>strains in the midwestern United States. In these areas Can </p><p>nabis abounds and multiplies each year, through the timely </p><p>dehiscence of millions of pollen grains and the fertilization </p><p>of thousands of pistillate flowers, resulting in thousands of </p><p>viable seeds from each pistillate plant. As the pistillate </p><p>plant senesces, the leaves turn yellow and drop, along with </p><p>the remaining mature seeds. The rest of the plant even- </p><p>tually dies and decomposes. </p><p>Although the staminate plants begin to release pollen </p><p>before the pistillate plant has begun to form floral clusters, </p><p>pistillate plants actually differentiate sexually and form a </p><p>few viable flowers long before most of the staminate plants </p><p>begin to release pollen. This ensures that the first pollen </p><p>released has a chance to fertilize at least a few flowers and </p><p>produce seeds. The production of prominent pistils makes </p><p>pistillate plants the first to be recognizable in a crop, so </p><p>early selection of seed-parents is quite easy. Often the </p><p>primordia of staminate plants first appear as vegetative </p><p>growth at the nodes along the main stalk and do not differ- </p><p>entiate flowers for several weeks. Pistillate plants also may </p><p>develop vegetative growth in place of the usual primordial </p><p>calyxes and this growth makes staminate plants indistin- </p><p>guishable from pistillate plants for some time. This is often </p><p>frustrating to sinsemilla Cannabis cultivators, since the </p><p>staminate plants that are hesitant to differentiate sex take </p><p>up valuable space that could be utilized by pistillate plants. </p><p>Also, juvenile pistillate plants are occasionally mistaken for </p><p>staminate plants if they are slow to form calyxes, since </p><p>vegetative growth at the nodes could appear to be stami- </p><p>nate primordia. </p><p>Latitude and Photoperiod </p><p>Change in photoperiod is the factor that usually trig- </p><p>gers the developmental stages of Cannabis. Photoperiod </p><p>and seasonal cycles are determined by latitude. The most </p><p>even photoperiods and mildest seasonal variations are </p><p>found near the equator, and the most widely fluctuating </p><p>photoperiods and most radical seasonal variations are found </p><p>in polar and high altitude locations. Areas in intermediate </p><p>latitudes show more pronounced seasonal variation depend- </p><p>ing on their distance from the equator or height in altitude. </p><p>A graph of light cycles based on latitude is helpful in ex- </p><p>ploring the maturation and cycles of Cannabis from various </p><p>latitudes and the genetic adaptations of strains to their </p><p>native environments. </p><p>The wavy lines follow the changes in photoperiod </p><p>(daylength) for two years at various latitudes. Follow, for </p><p>example, the photoperiod for 400 north latitude (Northern </p><p>California) which begins along the left-hand margin with a </p><p>15-hour photoperiod on June 21 (summer solstice). As the </p><p>months progress to the right, the days get shorter and the </p><p>line representing photoperiod slopes downward. During </p><p>July the daylength decreases to 14 hours and Cannabis </p><p>plants begin to flower and produce THC. (Increased THC </p><p>production is represented by an increase in the size of the </p><p>dots along the line of photoperiod.) As the days get </p><p>shorter the plants flower more profusely and produce more </p><p>THC until a peak period is reached during October and </p><p>November. After this time the photoperiod drops below </p><p>10 hours and THC production slows. High-THC plants may </p><p>continue to develop until the winter solstice (shortest day </p><p>of the year, around December 21) if they are protected </p><p>from frost. At this point a new vegetative light cycle starts </p><p>and THC production ceases. New seedlings are planted </p><p>when the days begin to get long (12-14 hours) and warm </p><p>from March to May. Farther north at 600 latitude the day- </p><p>length changes more radically and the growing season is </p><p>shorter. These conditions do not favor THC production. </p><p>Light cycles and seasons vary as one approaches the </p><p>equator. Near 200 north latitude (Hawaii, India, and Thai- </p><p>land where most of the finest drug Cannabis originates), </p><p>the photoperiod never varies out of the range critical for </p><p>THC production, between 10 and 14 hours. The light </p><p>cycle at 200 north latitude starts at the summer solstice </p><p>when the photoperiod is just a little over 13 hours. This </p><p>means that a long season exists that starts earlier and </p><p>finishes later than at higher latitudes. However, because the </p><p>photoperiod is never too long to induce flowering, Canna- </p><p>bis may also be grown in a short season from December </p><p>through March or April (90 to 120 days). Strains from </p><p>these latitudes are often not as responsive to photoperiod </p><p>change, and flowering seems strongly age-determined as </p><p>well as light determined. Most strains of Cannabis will begin </p><p>to flower when they are 60 days old if photoperiod does </p><p>not exceed 13 hours. At 200 latitude, the photoperiod </p><p>never exceeds 14 hours, and easily induced strains may </p><p>begin flowering at nearly any time during the year. </p><p>Equatorial areas gain and lose daylength twice during </p><p>the year as the sun passes north and south of the equator, </p><p>resulting in two identical photoperiodic seasons. Rainfall </p><p>snd altitude determine the growing season of each area, </p><p>but at some locations along the equator it is possible to </p><p>grow two crops of fully mature Cannabis in one year. By </p><p>locating a particular latitude on the chart, and noting local </p><p>dates for the last and first frosts and wet and dry seasons, </p><p>the effective growing season may be determined. If an area </p><p>has too short an effective growing season for drug Canna- </p><p>bis, a greenhouse or other shelter from cold, rainy condi- </p><p>tions is used. The timing of planting and length of the </p><p>growing season in these marginal conditions can also be </p><p>determined from this chart. </p><p>For instance, assume a researcher wishes to grow a </p><p>crop of Cannabis near Durban, South Africa, at 300 south </p><p>latitude. Consulting the graph of maturation cycles will </p><p>reveal that a long-photoperiod season, adequate for the </p><p>maturation of drug Cannabis, exists from October through </p><p>June. Local weather conditions indicate that average tem- </p><p>perature ranges from 60~ to 80~ F. and annual precipitation </p><p>from 30 to 50 inches. Early storms from the east in June </p><p>could damage plants and some sort of storm protection </p><p>might be necessary. Any estimates made from this chart </p><p>sre generally accurate for photoperiod; however, local </p><p>weather conditions are always taken into account. </p><p>Combination and simplification of the earth's climatic </p><p>bands where Cannabis is grown yields an equatorial zone, </p><p>north and south subtropical zones, north and south tem- </p><p>perate zones, arctic and antarctic zones. A discussion of </p><p>the maturation cycle for drug Cannabis in each zone </p><p>follows.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="cannebosanac, post: 20048, member: 1357"] poglavlje 4 [COLOR=green]Chapter 4 - Maturation and Harvesting of Cannabis[/COLOR] To everything there is a season, and a time to every purpose under heaven: A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted, -Ecciesiastes 3:1-2 Maturation The maturation of Cannabis is normally annual and its timing is influenced by the age of the plant, changes in photoperiod, and other environmental conditions. When a plant reaches an adequate age for flowering (about two months) and the nights lengthen following the summer sol- stice (June 21-22), flowering begins. This is the triggering of the reproductive phase of the life cycle which is fol- lowed by senescence and eventual death. The leaves of Cannabis plants form fewer leaflets during flowering until the floral clusters are formed of tri-leaflet and mono-leaflet leaves. This is a reversal of the heteroblastic (variously shaped) trend of increased leaflet number through the pre- floral stage. The staminate and pistillate sexes of the same strain mature at different rates. Staminate plants are usually the first to begin flowering and releasing pollen. In fact, much pollen is released when the pistillate plants show only a few pairs of primordial flowers. It would seem more effec- tive for the staminate plant to release pollen when the pis- tillate plants are in heavy flower to ensure good seed production. Upon deeper investigation, however, it be- comes obvious that early pollination is advantageous to survival. Pollinations that take place early form seeds that ripen in the warm days of summer when the pistillate plant is healthy and there is less chance of frost damage or preda- tion by herbivores. If conditions are favorable, the stamin- ate plant will continue to produce pollen for some time and will also fertilize many new pistillate flowers as they appear. After a month or more of shedding pollen the staminate plants enter senescence. This period is marked by the yellowing and dropping of the foliage leaves, fol- lowed by diminished flower and pollen production. Even- tually, all the leaves drop, and the spent, lifeless stamens hang in the breeze until fungi and bacteria return them to the soil. Pistillate plants continue to develop up to three months longer as they mature seeds. As the calyxes of the first flowers to be pollinated dry out, each releases a single seed which falls to the ground. Since new pistillate flowers are continually produced and fertilized, there are nearly always seeds ranging in maturity from freshly fertilized ovules to large, dark, mature seeds. In this way the plant is able to take advantage of favorable conditions throughout several months. The effectiveness of this type of repro- duction is demonstrated by the spread of escaped Cannabis strains in the midwestern United States. In these areas Can nabis abounds and multiplies each year, through the timely dehiscence of millions of pollen grains and the fertilization of thousands of pistillate flowers, resulting in thousands of viable seeds from each pistillate plant. As the pistillate plant senesces, the leaves turn yellow and drop, along with the remaining mature seeds. The rest of the plant even- tually dies and decomposes. Although the staminate plants begin to release pollen before the pistillate plant has begun to form floral clusters, pistillate plants actually differentiate sexually and form a few viable flowers long before most of the staminate plants begin to release pollen. This ensures that the first pollen released has a chance to fertilize at least a few flowers and produce seeds. The production of prominent pistils makes pistillate plants the first to be recognizable in a crop, so early selection of seed-parents is quite easy. Often the primordia of staminate plants first appear as vegetative growth at the nodes along the main stalk and do not differ- entiate flowers for several weeks. Pistillate plants also may develop vegetative growth in place of the usual primordial calyxes and this growth makes staminate plants indistin- guishable from pistillate plants for some time. This is often frustrating to sinsemilla Cannabis cultivators, since the staminate plants that are hesitant to differentiate sex take up valuable space that could be utilized by pistillate plants. Also, juvenile pistillate plants are occasionally mistaken for staminate plants if they are slow to form calyxes, since vegetative growth at the nodes could appear to be stami- nate primordia. Latitude and Photoperiod Change in photoperiod is the factor that usually trig- gers the developmental stages of Cannabis. Photoperiod and seasonal cycles are determined by latitude. The most even photoperiods and mildest seasonal variations are found near the equator, and the most widely fluctuating photoperiods and most radical seasonal variations are found in polar and high altitude locations. Areas in intermediate latitudes show more pronounced seasonal variation depend- ing on their distance from the equator or height in altitude. A graph of light cycles based on latitude is helpful in ex- ploring the maturation and cycles of Cannabis from various latitudes and the genetic adaptations of strains to their native environments. The wavy lines follow the changes in photoperiod (daylength) for two years at various latitudes. Follow, for example, the photoperiod for 400 north latitude (Northern California) which begins along the left-hand margin with a 15-hour photoperiod on June 21 (summer solstice). As the months progress to the right, the days get shorter and the line representing photoperiod slopes downward. During July the daylength decreases to 14 hours and Cannabis plants begin to flower and produce THC. (Increased THC production is represented by an increase in the size of the dots along the line of photoperiod.) As the days get shorter the plants flower more profusely and produce more THC until a peak period is reached during October and November. After this time the photoperiod drops below 10 hours and THC production slows. High-THC plants may continue to develop until the winter solstice (shortest day of the year, around December 21) if they are protected from frost. At this point a new vegetative light cycle starts and THC production ceases. New seedlings are planted when the days begin to get long (12-14 hours) and warm from March to May. Farther north at 600 latitude the day- length changes more radically and the growing season is shorter. These conditions do not favor THC production. Light cycles and seasons vary as one approaches the equator. Near 200 north latitude (Hawaii, India, and Thai- land where most of the finest drug Cannabis originates), the photoperiod never varies out of the range critical for THC production, between 10 and 14 hours. The light cycle at 200 north latitude starts at the summer solstice when the photoperiod is just a little over 13 hours. This means that a long season exists that starts earlier and finishes later than at higher latitudes. However, because the photoperiod is never too long to induce flowering, Canna- bis may also be grown in a short season from December through March or April (90 to 120 days). Strains from these latitudes are often not as responsive to photoperiod change, and flowering seems strongly age-determined as well as light determined. Most strains of Cannabis will begin to flower when they are 60 days old if photoperiod does not exceed 13 hours. At 200 latitude, the photoperiod never exceeds 14 hours, and easily induced strains may begin flowering at nearly any time during the year. Equatorial areas gain and lose daylength twice during the year as the sun passes north and south of the equator, resulting in two identical photoperiodic seasons. Rainfall snd altitude determine the growing season of each area, but at some locations along the equator it is possible to grow two crops of fully mature Cannabis in one year. By locating a particular latitude on the chart, and noting local dates for the last and first frosts and wet and dry seasons, the effective growing season may be determined. If an area has too short an effective growing season for drug Canna- bis, a greenhouse or other shelter from cold, rainy condi- tions is used. The timing of planting and length of the growing season in these marginal conditions can also be determined from this chart. For instance, assume a researcher wishes to grow a crop of Cannabis near Durban, South Africa, at 300 south latitude. Consulting the graph of maturation cycles will reveal that a long-photoperiod season, adequate for the maturation of drug Cannabis, exists from October through June. Local weather conditions indicate that average tem- perature ranges from 60~ to 80~ F. and annual precipitation from 30 to 50 inches. Early storms from the east in June could damage plants and some sort of storm protection might be necessary. Any estimates made from this chart sre generally accurate for photoperiod; however, local weather conditions are always taken into account. Combination and simplification of the earth's climatic bands where Cannabis is grown yields an equatorial zone, north and south subtropical zones, north and south tem- perate zones, arctic and antarctic zones. A discussion of the maturation cycle for drug Cannabis in each zone follows. [/QUOTE]
Verifikacija
Objavite odgovor
Forumi
Marihuana
Obrazovanje
Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
Top
Bottom