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Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
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<blockquote data-quote="cannebosanac" data-source="post: 20050" data-attributes="member: 1357"><p>poglavlje 4 nastavak</p><p></p><p>Root growth seems accelerated at the time of the new </p><p>moon, possibly as a response to increased gravitational pull </p><p>from the alignment of sun and moon. It also seems that </p><p>floral cluster formation is slowed by the full moon. Strong, </p><p>full moonlight is on the borderline of being enough light </p><p>to cease floral induction entirely. Although this never hap- </p><p>pens, if a plant is just about to begin floral growth, it may </p><p>be delayed a week by a few nights of bright moonlight. </p><p>Conversely, plants begin floral growth during the dark </p><p>nights of the new moon. More research is needed to explain </p><p>the mysterious effects of moon cycles on Cannabis Floral Maturation </p><p>The individual pistillate calyxes and the composite </p><p>floral clusters change as they mature. External changes </p><p>indicate that internal biochemical metabolic changes are </p><p>also occurring. When the external changes can be con- </p><p>nected with the invisible internal metabolic changes, then </p><p>the cultivator is in a better position to decide when to har </p><p>vest floral clusters. With years of experience this becomes </p><p>intuition, but there are general correlations which can put </p><p>the process in more objective terms. </p><p>The calyxes first appear as single, thin, tubular, green </p><p>sheaths surrounding an ovule at the basal attached end with </p><p>a pair of thin white, yellowish green, or purple pistils at- </p><p>tached to the ovule and protruding from the tip fold of </p><p>the calyx. As the flower begins to age and mature, the </p><p>pistils grow longer and the calyx enlarges slightly to its </p><p>full length. Next, the calyx begins to swell as resin secre- </p><p>tion increases, and the pistils reach their peak of reproduc- </p><p>tive ripeness. From this point on, the pistils begin to swell </p><p>and darken slightly, and the tips may begin to curl and </p><p>turn reddish brown. At this stage the pistillate flower is </p><p>past its reproductive peak, and it is not likely that it will </p><p>produce a viable seed if pollinated. Without pollination the </p><p>calyx begins to swell almost as if it had been fertilized and </p><p>resin secretion reaches a peak. The pistils eventually wither </p><p>and turn a reddish or orange brown. By this time, the </p><p>swollen calyx has accumulated an incredible layer of resin, </p><p>but secretion has slowed and few fresh terpenes and canna- </p><p>binoids are being produced. Falling pistils mark the end of </p><p>the developmental cycle of the individual pistillate calyx. </p><p>The resins turn opaque and the calyx begins to die. </p><p>The biosynthesis of cannabinoids and terpenes paral- </p><p>lels the developmental stages of the calyx and associated </p><p>resin-producing glandular trichomes. Also, the average de- </p><p>velopmental stage of the accumulated individual calyxes </p><p>determines the maturational state of the entire floral clus- </p><p>ter. Thus, determination of maturational stage and timing </p><p>of the harvest is based on the average calyx and resin con- </p><p>dition, along with general trends in morphology and devel- </p><p>opment of the plant as a whole. </p><p>The basic morphological characteristics of floral </p><p>maturation are measured by calyx-to-leaf ratio and inter- </p><p>node length within floral clusters. Calyx-to-leaf ratios are </p><p>highest during the peak floral stage. Later stages are usually </p><p>characterized by decreased calyx growth and increased leaf </p><p>growth. Internode length is usually very short between </p><p>pairs of calyxes in tight dense clusters. At the end of the </p><p>maturation cycle, if there is still growth, the internode </p><p>length may increase in response to increased humidity and </p><p>lowered light conditions. This is most often a sign that the </p><p>floral clusters are past their reproductive peak; if so, they </p><p>are preparing for rejuvenation and the possibility of re- </p><p>growth the following season. At this time nearly all resin </p><p>secretion has ceased at temperate latitudes (due to low </p><p>temperatures), but may still continue in equatorial and </p><p>subtropical areas that have a longer and warmer growing </p><p>season. Greenhouses have been used in temperate latitudes </p><p>to simulate tropical environments and extend the period of </p><p>resin production. It should be remembered that green- </p><p>houses also tend to cause a stretched condition in the </p><p>floral clusters in response to high humidity, high tempera- </p><p>tures, lowered light intensity, and restricted air circulation. </p><p>Simulation of the native photoperiod of a certain strain is </p><p>achieved through the use of blackout curtains and supple- </p><p>mental lighting in a greenhouse or indoor environment. The </p><p>localized light cycle particular to a strain may be estimated </p><p>from the graph of maturation patterns at various latitudes </p><p>(p.124). In this way it is possible to reproduce exotic </p><p>foreign environments to more accurately study Cannabis, </p><p>Tight clusters of calyxes and leaves are characteristic </p><p>of ripe outdoor Cannabis. Some strains, however, such as </p><p>those from Thailand, tend to have longer internodes and </p><p>appear airy and stretched. This seems to be a genetically </p><p>controlled adaptation to their native environment. Im- </p><p>ported ~1 examples from Thailand also have long inter- </p><p>nodes in the pistillate floral clusters. Thai strains may not </p><p>develop tight floral clusters even in the most arid and ex- </p><p>posed conditions; however, this condition is furthered as </p><p>rejuvenation begins during autumn days of decreasing </p><p>photoperiod. </p><p>Cannabinoid Biosynthesis </p><p>Since resin secretion and associated terpenoid and </p><p>cannabinoid biosynthesis are at their peak just after the pis- </p><p>tils have begun to turn brown but before the calyx stops </p><p>growing, it seems obvious that floral clusters should be har- </p><p>vested during this time. More subtle variations in terpenoid </p><p>and cannabinoid levels also take place within this period of </p><p>maximum resin secretion, and these variations influence </p><p>the nature of the resin's psychoactive effect. </p><p>The cannabinoid ratios characteristic of a strain are </p><p>primarily determined by genes, but it must be remembered </p><p>that many environmental factors, such as light, tempera- </p><p>ture, and humidity, influence the path of a molecule along </p><p>the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway. These environmen- </p><p>tal factors can cause an atypical final cannabinoid profile </p><p>(cannabinoid levels and ratios). Not all cannabinoid mole- </p><p>cules begin their journey through the pathway at the same </p><p>time, nor do all of them complete the cycle and turn into </p><p>THC molecules simultaneously. There is no magical way to </p><p>influence the cannabinoid biosynthesis to favor THC pro- </p><p>duction, but certain factors involved in the growth and </p><p>maturation of Cannabis do affect final cannabinoid levels, </p><p>These factors may be controlled to some extent by proper </p><p>selection of mature floral clusters for harvesting, agricul </p><p>tural technique, and local environment. In addition to </p><p>genetic and seasonal influences, the picture is further modi- </p><p>fied by the fact that each individual calyx goes through the </p><p>cannabinoid cycle fairly independently and that during </p><p>peak periods of resin secretion new flowers are produced </p><p>every day and begin their own cycle. This means that at </p><p>any given time the ratio of calyx-to-leaf, the average calyx </p><p>condition, the condition of the resins, and resultant canna- </p><p>binoid ratios indicate which stage the floral cluster has </p><p>reached. Since it is difficult for the amateur cultivator to </p><p>determine the cannabinoid profile of a floral cluster with- </p><p>out chromatographic analysis, this discussion will center </p><p>on the known and theoretical correlations between the ex- </p><p>ternal characteristics of calyx and resin and internal canna- </p><p>binoid profile. A better understanding of these subtle </p><p>changes in cannabinoid ratios may be gleaned by observing </p><p>the cannabinoid biosynthesis. Focus on the lower left-hand </p><p>corner of the chart. Next, follow the chain of reactions </p><p>until you find the four isomers of THC acid (tetrahydro- </p><p>cannabinolic acid), toward the right side of the page at the </p><p>crest of the reaction sequence, and realize that there are </p><p>several steps in a long series of reactions that precede and </p><p>follow the formation of THC acids, the major psycho- </p><p>active cannabinoids. Actually, THC acid and the other </p><p>necessary cannabinoid acids are not psychoactive until they </p><p>decarboxylate (lose an acidic carboxyl group [COOHI). </p><p>It is the cannabinoid acids which move along the biosyn- </p><p>thetic pathway, and these acids undergo the strategic reac- </p><p>tions that determine the position of any particular canna- </p><p>binoid molecule along the pathway. After the resins are </p><p>secreted by the glandular trichome they begin to harden </p><p>and the cannabinoid acids begin to decarboxylate. Any </p><p>remaining cannabinoid acids are decarboxylated by heat </p><p>within a few days after harvesting. Other THC acids with </p><p>shorter side-chains also occur in certain strains of Cannabis. </p><p>Several are known to be psychoactive and many more are </p><p>suspected of psychoactivity. The shorter propyl (three- </p><p>carb on) and methyl (one-carbon) side-chain homologs </p><p>(similarly shaped molecules) are shorter acting than pen tyl </p><p>(five-carbon) THCs and may account for some of the quick, </p><p>flashy effects noted by some marijuana users. We will </p><p>focus on the pentyl pathway but it should be noted that </p><p>the propyl and methyl pathways have homologs at nearly </p><p>every step along the pentyl pathway and their synthesis is </p><p>basically identical.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="cannebosanac, post: 20050, member: 1357"] poglavlje 4 nastavak Root growth seems accelerated at the time of the new moon, possibly as a response to increased gravitational pull from the alignment of sun and moon. It also seems that floral cluster formation is slowed by the full moon. Strong, full moonlight is on the borderline of being enough light to cease floral induction entirely. Although this never hap- pens, if a plant is just about to begin floral growth, it may be delayed a week by a few nights of bright moonlight. Conversely, plants begin floral growth during the dark nights of the new moon. More research is needed to explain the mysterious effects of moon cycles on Cannabis Floral Maturation The individual pistillate calyxes and the composite floral clusters change as they mature. External changes indicate that internal biochemical metabolic changes are also occurring. When the external changes can be con- nected with the invisible internal metabolic changes, then the cultivator is in a better position to decide when to har vest floral clusters. With years of experience this becomes intuition, but there are general correlations which can put the process in more objective terms. The calyxes first appear as single, thin, tubular, green sheaths surrounding an ovule at the basal attached end with a pair of thin white, yellowish green, or purple pistils at- tached to the ovule and protruding from the tip fold of the calyx. As the flower begins to age and mature, the pistils grow longer and the calyx enlarges slightly to its full length. Next, the calyx begins to swell as resin secre- tion increases, and the pistils reach their peak of reproduc- tive ripeness. From this point on, the pistils begin to swell and darken slightly, and the tips may begin to curl and turn reddish brown. At this stage the pistillate flower is past its reproductive peak, and it is not likely that it will produce a viable seed if pollinated. Without pollination the calyx begins to swell almost as if it had been fertilized and resin secretion reaches a peak. The pistils eventually wither and turn a reddish or orange brown. By this time, the swollen calyx has accumulated an incredible layer of resin, but secretion has slowed and few fresh terpenes and canna- binoids are being produced. Falling pistils mark the end of the developmental cycle of the individual pistillate calyx. The resins turn opaque and the calyx begins to die. The biosynthesis of cannabinoids and terpenes paral- lels the developmental stages of the calyx and associated resin-producing glandular trichomes. Also, the average de- velopmental stage of the accumulated individual calyxes determines the maturational state of the entire floral clus- ter. Thus, determination of maturational stage and timing of the harvest is based on the average calyx and resin con- dition, along with general trends in morphology and devel- opment of the plant as a whole. The basic morphological characteristics of floral maturation are measured by calyx-to-leaf ratio and inter- node length within floral clusters. Calyx-to-leaf ratios are highest during the peak floral stage. Later stages are usually characterized by decreased calyx growth and increased leaf growth. Internode length is usually very short between pairs of calyxes in tight dense clusters. At the end of the maturation cycle, if there is still growth, the internode length may increase in response to increased humidity and lowered light conditions. This is most often a sign that the floral clusters are past their reproductive peak; if so, they are preparing for rejuvenation and the possibility of re- growth the following season. At this time nearly all resin secretion has ceased at temperate latitudes (due to low temperatures), but may still continue in equatorial and subtropical areas that have a longer and warmer growing season. Greenhouses have been used in temperate latitudes to simulate tropical environments and extend the period of resin production. It should be remembered that green- houses also tend to cause a stretched condition in the floral clusters in response to high humidity, high tempera- tures, lowered light intensity, and restricted air circulation. Simulation of the native photoperiod of a certain strain is achieved through the use of blackout curtains and supple- mental lighting in a greenhouse or indoor environment. The localized light cycle particular to a strain may be estimated from the graph of maturation patterns at various latitudes (p.124). In this way it is possible to reproduce exotic foreign environments to more accurately study Cannabis, Tight clusters of calyxes and leaves are characteristic of ripe outdoor Cannabis. Some strains, however, such as those from Thailand, tend to have longer internodes and appear airy and stretched. This seems to be a genetically controlled adaptation to their native environment. Im- ported ~1 examples from Thailand also have long inter- nodes in the pistillate floral clusters. Thai strains may not develop tight floral clusters even in the most arid and ex- posed conditions; however, this condition is furthered as rejuvenation begins during autumn days of decreasing photoperiod. Cannabinoid Biosynthesis Since resin secretion and associated terpenoid and cannabinoid biosynthesis are at their peak just after the pis- tils have begun to turn brown but before the calyx stops growing, it seems obvious that floral clusters should be har- vested during this time. More subtle variations in terpenoid and cannabinoid levels also take place within this period of maximum resin secretion, and these variations influence the nature of the resin's psychoactive effect. The cannabinoid ratios characteristic of a strain are primarily determined by genes, but it must be remembered that many environmental factors, such as light, tempera- ture, and humidity, influence the path of a molecule along the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway. These environmen- tal factors can cause an atypical final cannabinoid profile (cannabinoid levels and ratios). Not all cannabinoid mole- cules begin their journey through the pathway at the same time, nor do all of them complete the cycle and turn into THC molecules simultaneously. There is no magical way to influence the cannabinoid biosynthesis to favor THC pro- duction, but certain factors involved in the growth and maturation of Cannabis do affect final cannabinoid levels, These factors may be controlled to some extent by proper selection of mature floral clusters for harvesting, agricul tural technique, and local environment. In addition to genetic and seasonal influences, the picture is further modi- fied by the fact that each individual calyx goes through the cannabinoid cycle fairly independently and that during peak periods of resin secretion new flowers are produced every day and begin their own cycle. This means that at any given time the ratio of calyx-to-leaf, the average calyx condition, the condition of the resins, and resultant canna- binoid ratios indicate which stage the floral cluster has reached. Since it is difficult for the amateur cultivator to determine the cannabinoid profile of a floral cluster with- out chromatographic analysis, this discussion will center on the known and theoretical correlations between the ex- ternal characteristics of calyx and resin and internal canna- binoid profile. A better understanding of these subtle changes in cannabinoid ratios may be gleaned by observing the cannabinoid biosynthesis. Focus on the lower left-hand corner of the chart. Next, follow the chain of reactions until you find the four isomers of THC acid (tetrahydro- cannabinolic acid), toward the right side of the page at the crest of the reaction sequence, and realize that there are several steps in a long series of reactions that precede and follow the formation of THC acids, the major psycho- active cannabinoids. Actually, THC acid and the other necessary cannabinoid acids are not psychoactive until they decarboxylate (lose an acidic carboxyl group [COOHI). It is the cannabinoid acids which move along the biosyn- thetic pathway, and these acids undergo the strategic reac- tions that determine the position of any particular canna- binoid molecule along the pathway. After the resins are secreted by the glandular trichome they begin to harden and the cannabinoid acids begin to decarboxylate. Any remaining cannabinoid acids are decarboxylated by heat within a few days after harvesting. Other THC acids with shorter side-chains also occur in certain strains of Cannabis. Several are known to be psychoactive and many more are suspected of psychoactivity. The shorter propyl (three- carb on) and methyl (one-carbon) side-chain homologs (similarly shaped molecules) are shorter acting than pen tyl (five-carbon) THCs and may account for some of the quick, flashy effects noted by some marijuana users. We will focus on the pentyl pathway but it should be noted that the propyl and methyl pathways have homologs at nearly every step along the pentyl pathway and their synthesis is basically identical. [/QUOTE]
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