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Marijuana Botany by Robert Connel Clark
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<blockquote data-quote="cannebosanac" data-source="post: 20057" data-attributes="member: 1357"><p>poglavlje 4 nastavak</p><p></p><p>Factors Influencing THC Production </p><p>Many factors influence the production of THC. In </p><p>general, the older a plant, the greater its potential to pro- </p><p>duce THC. This is true, however, only if the plant remains </p><p>healthy and vigorous, THC production requires the proper </p><p>quantity and quality of light. It seems that none of the bio- </p><p>synthetic processes operate efficiently when low light con- </p><p>ditions prevent proper photosynthesis. Research has shown </p><p>(Valle et al. 1978) that twice as much THC is produced </p><p>under a 12-hour photoperiod than under a 10-hour photo- </p><p>period. Warm temperatures are known to promote meta- </p><p>bolic activity and the production of THC. Heat also pro- </p><p>motes resin secretion, possibly in response to the threat of </p><p>floral desiccation by the hot sun, Resin collects in the </p><p>heads of glandular trichomes and does not directly seal the </p><p>pores of the calyx to prevent desiccation. Resin heads may </p><p>serve to break up the rays of the sun so that fewer of them </p><p>strike the leaf surface and raise the temperature. However, </p><p>light and heat also destroy THC. In a drug strain, a bio- </p><p>synthetic rate must be maintained such that substantially </p><p>more THC is produced than is broken down. Humidity is </p><p>an interesting parameter of THC production and one of the </p><p>least understood. Most high-quality drug Cannabis grows </p><p>in areas that are dry much of the time at least during the </p><p>maturation period. It follows that increased resin produc. </p><p>tion in response to arid conditions might account for in- </p><p>creased THC production. High-THC strains, however, also </p><p>grow in very humid conditions (greenhouses and equatorial </p><p>zones) and produce copious quantities of resin. Cannabis </p><p>seems not to produce more resins in response to dry soil, </p><p>as it does to a dry atmosphere. Drying out plants by with- </p><p>holding water for the last weeks of flowering does not </p><p>stimulate THC production, although an arid atmosphere </p><p>may do so. A Cannabis plant in flower requires water, so </p><p>that nutrients are available. for operating the various bio- </p><p>synthetic pathways. </p><p>There is really no confirmed method of forcing in- </p><p>creased THC production. Many techniques have developed </p><p>through misinterpretations of ancient tradition. In Colom- </p><p>bia, farmers girdle the stalk of the main stem, which cuts </p><p>off the flow of water and nutrients between the roots and </p><p>the shoots. This technique may not raise the final THC </p><p>level, but it does cause rapid maturation and yellow gold </p><p>coloration in the floral cluster (Partridge 1973). Impaling </p><p>with nails, pine splinters, balls of opium, and stones are </p><p>clandestine folk methods of promoting flowering, taste and </p><p>THC production. However none of these have any valid </p><p>documentation from the original culture or scientific basis. </p><p>Symbiotic relationships between herbs in companion plant- </p><p>ings are known to influence the production of essential </p><p>oils. Experiments might be carried out with different herbs, </p><p>such as stinging nettles, as companion plants for Cannabis, </p><p>in an effort to stimulate resin production. In the future, </p><p>agricultural techniques may be discovered which specific- </p><p>ally promote THC biosynthesis. </p><p>In general, it is considered most important that the </p><p>plant be healthy for it to produce high THC levels. The </p><p>genotype of the plant, a result of seed selection, is the </p><p>primary factor which determines the THC levels. After </p><p>that, the provision of adequate organic nutrients, water, </p><p>sunlight, fresh air, growing space, and time for maturation </p><p>seems to be the key to producing high-THC Cannabis in all </p><p>circumstances. Stress resulting from inadequacies in the </p><p>environment limits the true expression of phenotype and </p><p>cannabinoid potential. Cannabis finds a normal adaptive </p><p>defense in the production of THC laden resins, and it seems </p><p>logical that a healthy plant is best able to raise this defense. </p><p>Forcing plants to produce is a perverse ideal and alien to </p><p>the principles of organic agriculture. Plants are not ma- </p><p>chines that can be worked faster and harder to produce </p><p>more. The life processes of the plant rely on delicate </p><p>natural balances aimed at the ultimate survival of the plant </p><p>until it reproduces. The most a Cannabis cultivator or re- </p><p>searcher can expect to do is provide all the requisites for </p><p>healthy growth and guide the plant until it matures. </p><p>Flowering in Cannabis may be forced or accelerated </p><p>by many different techniques. This does not mean that </p><p>THC production is forced, only that the time before and </p><p>during flowering is shortened and flowers are produced </p><p>rapidly. Most techniques involve the deprivation of light </p><p>during the long days of summer to promote early floral </p><p>induction and sexual differentiation. This is sometimes </p><p>done by moving the plants inside a completely dark struc- </p><p>ture for 12 hours of each 24-hour day until the floral clus- </p><p>ters are mature. This stimulates an autumn light cycle and </p><p>promotes flowering at any time of the year. In the field, </p><p>covers may be made to block out the sun for a few hours </p><p>at sunrise or sunset, and these are used to cover small </p><p>plants. Photoperiod alteration is most easily accomplished </p><p>in a greenhouse, where blackout curtains are easily rolled </p><p>over the plants. Drug Cannabis production requires 11-12 </p><p>hours of continuous darkness to induce flowering and at </p><p>least 10 hours of light for adequate THC production (Valle </p><p>et al. 1978). In a greenhouse, supplemental lighting need </p><p>be used only to extend daylength, while the sun supplies </p><p>the energy needed for growth and THC biosynthesis. It is </p><p>not known why at least 10 hours (and preferably 12 or 13 </p><p>hours) of light are needed for high THC production. This </p><p>is not dependent on accumulated solar energy since light </p><p>responses can be activated and THC production increased </p><p>with only a 40-watt bulb. A reasonable theory is that a </p><p>light-sensitive pigment in the plant (possibly phytochrome) </p><p>acts as a switch, causing the plant to follow the flowering </p><p>cycle. THC production is probably associated with the </p><p>induction of flowering resulting from the photoperiod </p><p>change. </p><p>Cool night temperatures seem to promote flowering </p><p>in plants that have previously differentiated sexually. Ex- </p><p>tended cold periods, however, cause metabolic processes to </p><p>slow and maturation to cease. Most temperate Cannabis </p><p>strains are sensitive to many of the signs of an approaching </p><p>fall season and respond by beginning to flower. In con- </p><p>trast, strains from tropical areas, such as Thailand, often </p><p>seem unresponsive to any signs of fall and never speed up </p><p>development. </p><p></p><p>[FONT=&quot]</p><p></p><p></p><p>[/FONT]</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="cannebosanac, post: 20057, member: 1357"] poglavlje 4 nastavak Factors Influencing THC Production Many factors influence the production of THC. In general, the older a plant, the greater its potential to pro- duce THC. This is true, however, only if the plant remains healthy and vigorous, THC production requires the proper quantity and quality of light. It seems that none of the bio- synthetic processes operate efficiently when low light con- ditions prevent proper photosynthesis. Research has shown (Valle et al. 1978) that twice as much THC is produced under a 12-hour photoperiod than under a 10-hour photo- period. Warm temperatures are known to promote meta- bolic activity and the production of THC. Heat also pro- motes resin secretion, possibly in response to the threat of floral desiccation by the hot sun, Resin collects in the heads of glandular trichomes and does not directly seal the pores of the calyx to prevent desiccation. Resin heads may serve to break up the rays of the sun so that fewer of them strike the leaf surface and raise the temperature. However, light and heat also destroy THC. In a drug strain, a bio- synthetic rate must be maintained such that substantially more THC is produced than is broken down. Humidity is an interesting parameter of THC production and one of the least understood. Most high-quality drug Cannabis grows in areas that are dry much of the time at least during the maturation period. It follows that increased resin produc. tion in response to arid conditions might account for in- creased THC production. High-THC strains, however, also grow in very humid conditions (greenhouses and equatorial zones) and produce copious quantities of resin. Cannabis seems not to produce more resins in response to dry soil, as it does to a dry atmosphere. Drying out plants by with- holding water for the last weeks of flowering does not stimulate THC production, although an arid atmosphere may do so. A Cannabis plant in flower requires water, so that nutrients are available. for operating the various bio- synthetic pathways. There is really no confirmed method of forcing in- creased THC production. Many techniques have developed through misinterpretations of ancient tradition. In Colom- bia, farmers girdle the stalk of the main stem, which cuts off the flow of water and nutrients between the roots and the shoots. This technique may not raise the final THC level, but it does cause rapid maturation and yellow gold coloration in the floral cluster (Partridge 1973). Impaling with nails, pine splinters, balls of opium, and stones are clandestine folk methods of promoting flowering, taste and THC production. However none of these have any valid documentation from the original culture or scientific basis. Symbiotic relationships between herbs in companion plant- ings are known to influence the production of essential oils. Experiments might be carried out with different herbs, such as stinging nettles, as companion plants for Cannabis, in an effort to stimulate resin production. In the future, agricultural techniques may be discovered which specific- ally promote THC biosynthesis. In general, it is considered most important that the plant be healthy for it to produce high THC levels. The genotype of the plant, a result of seed selection, is the primary factor which determines the THC levels. After that, the provision of adequate organic nutrients, water, sunlight, fresh air, growing space, and time for maturation seems to be the key to producing high-THC Cannabis in all circumstances. Stress resulting from inadequacies in the environment limits the true expression of phenotype and cannabinoid potential. Cannabis finds a normal adaptive defense in the production of THC laden resins, and it seems logical that a healthy plant is best able to raise this defense. Forcing plants to produce is a perverse ideal and alien to the principles of organic agriculture. Plants are not ma- chines that can be worked faster and harder to produce more. The life processes of the plant rely on delicate natural balances aimed at the ultimate survival of the plant until it reproduces. The most a Cannabis cultivator or re- searcher can expect to do is provide all the requisites for healthy growth and guide the plant until it matures. Flowering in Cannabis may be forced or accelerated by many different techniques. This does not mean that THC production is forced, only that the time before and during flowering is shortened and flowers are produced rapidly. Most techniques involve the deprivation of light during the long days of summer to promote early floral induction and sexual differentiation. This is sometimes done by moving the plants inside a completely dark struc- ture for 12 hours of each 24-hour day until the floral clus- ters are mature. This stimulates an autumn light cycle and promotes flowering at any time of the year. In the field, covers may be made to block out the sun for a few hours at sunrise or sunset, and these are used to cover small plants. Photoperiod alteration is most easily accomplished in a greenhouse, where blackout curtains are easily rolled over the plants. Drug Cannabis production requires 11-12 hours of continuous darkness to induce flowering and at least 10 hours of light for adequate THC production (Valle et al. 1978). In a greenhouse, supplemental lighting need be used only to extend daylength, while the sun supplies the energy needed for growth and THC biosynthesis. It is not known why at least 10 hours (and preferably 12 or 13 hours) of light are needed for high THC production. This is not dependent on accumulated solar energy since light responses can be activated and THC production increased with only a 40-watt bulb. A reasonable theory is that a light-sensitive pigment in the plant (possibly phytochrome) acts as a switch, causing the plant to follow the flowering cycle. THC production is probably associated with the induction of flowering resulting from the photoperiod change. Cool night temperatures seem to promote flowering in plants that have previously differentiated sexually. Ex- tended cold periods, however, cause metabolic processes to slow and maturation to cease. Most temperate Cannabis strains are sensitive to many of the signs of an approaching fall season and respond by beginning to flower. In con- trast, strains from tropical areas, such as Thailand, often seem unresponsive to any signs of fall and never speed up development. [FONT="] [/FONT] [/QUOTE]
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